Khi Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1567, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ph\u00e1t minh m\u00e1y in c\u1ee7a Gutenberg \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Latinh. Copernicus v\u00e0 Galileo \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u0111ang m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
V\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Geneva \u0111\u00e3 h\u00edt th\u1edf tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Erasmus v\u00e0 Montaigne, say m\u00ea tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 Latinh tao nh\u00e3 c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7y tinh t\u1ebf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i mang m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i tim \u0111\u1eadm ch\u1ea5t Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c” (devout humanism) \u2013 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 n\u01a1i tr\u00e1i tim Don Bosco sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh “th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n V\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 kh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi mang t\u00ean Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng, ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y in v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 in v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng m\u00e0 Gargantua g\u1eedi cho con trai Pantagruel, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Rabelais \u0111\u00e3 kinh ng\u1ea1c th\u1ed1t l\u00ean v\u1ec1 “nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n in v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng thanh nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ta nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 linh h\u1ee9ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 c\u0169ng chia s\u1ebb s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y khi ng\u00e0i so s\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Gutenberg:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 in, \u0111\u00e3 ban s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu cho m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a \u00fd mu\u1ed1n to\u00e0n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, m\u00e1y in \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh d\u00e0nh cho gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt gia, gi\u00e1o s\u0129, b\u00e1c s\u0129 hay th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1eddi: s\u00e1ch Gi\u1edd kinh, h\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh, s\u00e1ch “Ars moriendi”<\/em> (Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebft l\u00e0nh), “G\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu”<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p s\u0129 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa in \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u00e0 Hy L\u1ea1p, cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Latinh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd Calepino, s\u00e1ch ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p Latinh c\u1ee7a Donatus \u2013 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p danh ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ebb em h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ngh\u1ec1 in \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n d\u1ea1o mang s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n xa x\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t. \u1ede kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, n\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 phong tr\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u00dd t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong t\u01b0 duy \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn. D\u00f9 sao \u0111i n\u1eefa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a phong ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Theo ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb: kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Latinh pha t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung c\u1ed5, kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb “s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i” c\u1ee7a Aristotle \u2013 tri\u1ebft gia l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 (nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch theo c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang), v\u00e0 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb logic h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4 khan. Theo ngh\u0129a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 say m\u00ea \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u2013 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 say s\u01b0a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c “Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc” (studia divinitatis) c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111am m\u00ea c\u00e1c “Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Nh\u00e2n v\u0103n” (studia humanitatis). S\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Greco-Latin, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1621, Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn “nh\u1eefng Phil\u00edpph\u00ea v\u00e0 Al\u00eaxan\u0111\u00ea m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u”<\/em>. Ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1t, d\u1eabu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam cho bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Al\u00eaxan\u0111\u00ea \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf, v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf bao la. V\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh Geneva th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Phaol\u00f4:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 c\u00e1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i, khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111i kh\u1eafp c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i tim c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecd cho Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua l\u1eddi rao gi\u1ea3ng.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n S\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n m\u1ef9 trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Latinh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh theo nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu \u1ea5y. Th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Latinh kinh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Latinh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thanh tao, m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu v\u00f4 song \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Cicero. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u0111ang gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy th\u1ebf; v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1539, Vua Fran\u00e7ois I \u0111\u00e3 ra l\u1ec7nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p thay cho ti\u1ebfng Latinh trong c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. T\u1ea1i Savoy, C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Emmanuel Philibert c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1560, v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecu m\u1ebfn g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t tri th\u1ee9c phi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 lan t\u1ecfa trong gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t Aristotle ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tri\u1ebft gia Plato c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i Florence, b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Plato l\u00e0 Marsilio Ficino, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Pierre de La Ram\u00e9e \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u00ean Latinh l\u00e0 Ramus \u2013 d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Aristotle, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Coll\u00e8ge Royal \u1edf Paris. Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 c\u00f3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m \u00f4ng, “nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Bressius”<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1576.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan Copernicus \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ptolemy, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh quay quanh tr\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 quay quanh M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Galileo, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng k\u00ednh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ecdng thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u2013 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Y h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111ang gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Padua, n\u01a1i ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 t\u1eebng theo h\u1ecdc. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1543, khi Copernicus xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n De revolutionibus orbium coelestium<\/em> (V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3), th\u00ec v\u1ecb b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Flemish l\u00e0 Vesalius \u0111\u00e3 cho in cu\u1ed1n De humani corporis fabrica<\/em> (V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u2013 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u2013 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 \u2013 n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111ang t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi Machiavelli, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c mang t\u00ean Qu\u00e2n V\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> (The Prince) t\u1eebng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ee7 s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m (nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (“T\u00e2y \u1ea4n”), Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (“\u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n”), v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5i b\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t tri th\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n “\u1edf m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u1edf C\u1ef1u Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi”<\/em>. Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n<\/em> c\u1ee7a tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean G.P. Maffei, Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c<\/em> c\u1ee7a tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean P. Almeida, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed T\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y \u1ea4n<\/em> c\u1ee7a F. L\u00f3pez de G\u00f3mara, v\u00e0 Dies caniculares<\/em> c\u1ee7a S. Majoli \u2013 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 th\u00fa “\u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u Phi”<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha: Bartolomeu Dias, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng; “v\u1ecb thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o Albuquerque”<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 “c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Goa, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n”<\/em>; ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Brazil l\u00e0 Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 “d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1i t\u00ean thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u1ea5y m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Brazil, l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb t\u00ean lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 brazilwood \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thu\u1ed1c nhu\u1ed9m”<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 C\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1”<\/em>, Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i: s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Albuquerque “t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9”<\/em>, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u1edf Meliapor, l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf Socotra, “m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n Erythraean”<\/em>, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n ra c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 “g\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Abyssinia”<\/em>, v\u00e0 “v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n”<\/em>, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Congo c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng mang d\u1ea5u th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Vua Afonso, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Ambasse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u0169ng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, g\u1ee3i nh\u1eafc qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi La M\u00e3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, Mark Antony \u0111\u00e3 mua hai c\u1eadu b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2ng l\u00ean cho \u00f4ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 l\u00e1i ng\u1ef1a; v\u00ec v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng, tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb \u0111em b\u00e1n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean thu gom ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m v\u1edbi ng\u1ef1a \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t minh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch th\u00fa say m\u00ea c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghe n\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o gi\u1edd \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt hay l\u00fd tr\u00ed, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt si\u00eau ph\u00e0m.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, “m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn m\u1ed9t, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1”<\/em>. Trong cu\u1ed1n “D\u1eabn v\u00e0o \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c”<\/em>, ng\u00e0i k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Peru, ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c h\u1ecd khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f2n mang theo c\u1ea3 kh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 v\u1eb9t”<\/em>. Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng “d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf T\u00e2n Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi c\u1eed c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebft ki\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua v\u1edbi \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n v\u00e0 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi vinh quang v\u00e0 uy nghi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua”<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng so s\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc \u2013 khi ng\u00e0i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “V\u00ec v\u1eady, noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00fai non, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u00ecnh dung ra ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, t\u1eeb ng\u00f2i b\u00fat c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u00f3.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra la b\u00e0n, v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc kim t\u1eeb t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng B\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i v\u00ec m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/p>\n\n\n\n “D\u00f9 con t\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111i theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 gi\u0103ng bu\u1ed3m v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y hay \u0110\u00f4ng, Nam hay B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 n\u00e0o \u0111ang th\u1ed5i t\u1edbi, chi\u1ebfc la b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f4i sao B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea9u v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.”<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra “Tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00ecnh minh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Philippe Ari\u00e8s \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1, l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong khi \u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung C\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng thu nh\u1ecf, th\u00ec giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em, cho ch\u00fang m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng trang ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01a1i nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a tu\u1ed5i \u1ea5u th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n \u2013 n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u0103n minh, nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n, th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u2013 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Sinh n\u0103m 1567, Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao Jean Gerson, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. Khi ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng “ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c”<\/em>, ng\u00e0i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111ang nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n “G\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu”<\/em> (The Imitation of Christ), m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng Gerson l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Paris n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Erasmus, More, Vives, Sadolet, Rabelais, v\u00e0 Montaigne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Erasmus \u1edf Rotterdam tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “v\u0103n nh\u00e2n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i”<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng “c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean uy\u00ean b\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i d\u1ea1y”<\/em>. Trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n s\u00e1ch c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc), c\u00f3 hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc. Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Latinh T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Erasmus khi n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i mang nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Erasmus: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa trong ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Erasmus v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1530 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n “De civilitate morum puerilium”<\/em> (V\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em), v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ‘ph\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1’ trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Erasmus l\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Anh Thomas More c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 khi tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh Geneva \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Juan Luis Vives. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed1n De anima et vita<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m gia s\u01b0 cho Mary Tudor, Vives \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft cu\u1ed1n “De institutione feminae christianae”<\/em> (V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o) v\u00e0 “De ratione studii puerilis”<\/em> (V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em), hai chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1523.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng y Sadolet, Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Carpentras v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u1edbn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn<\/em> (Controversies) v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “De liberis recte instituendis”<\/em> (V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u Paolo, Sadolet \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng bao tr\u00f9m m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c: \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Rabelais, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Pantagruel<\/em> v\u00e0 Gargantua<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e1ng kinh ng\u1ea1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ‘v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc’. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, phi gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u. Phanxic\u00f4 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y k\u00e9m danh d\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u2013 k\u1ebb v\u1ed1n coi th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Michel de Montaigne, \u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed1n Controversies<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i khi tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh. V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Kinh Th\u00e1nh sang ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m do ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n uy\u00ean b\u00e1c’ n\u00e0y b\u00e0y t\u1ecf. Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi Montaigne, ngay c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch “m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o luy\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1ecb nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp”<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1eefu \u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft b\u00e1c b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi giao thoa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Savoy, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ph\u00e1p th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u1edf Paris xem l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, “t\u00f4i s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0i ng\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7u trong c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quanh v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o”<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111ang n\u1edf r\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Savoy. Claude de Seyssel, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 1520, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ti\u1ebfng Latinh, Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Marc-Claude de Buttet t\u1eebng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 \u1edf Paris c\u1ee7a Jean Dorat, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng coi Ronsard, du Bellay v\u00e0 Ba\u00eff l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Marguerite de Valois v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m Pl\u00e9iade. Cha c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u00f4ng khi ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean lui t\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Ph\u00e1p. T\u1ea1i Chamb\u00e9ry, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Savoy, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1565.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, \u00e1nh nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con x\u1ee9 Savoy n\u00e0y t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Turin, n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1563, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma, n\u01a1i ng\u00e0i duy tr\u00ec th\u01b0 t\u1eeb qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o tri\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eebng d\u00e0nh h\u01a1n ba n\u0103m \u1edf Padua, thu\u1ed9c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Venice, ng\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i song ng\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00dd. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng Latinh mang \u0111\u1eadm phong v\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m chuy\u1ec3n giao, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f9i xa. T\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Baroque \u2013 v\u1ed1n b\u1eebng n\u1edf sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o hay, d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Henri Bremond, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/strong> (devout humanist). \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ban Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/p>\n\n\n\n Hashtags g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho b\u00e0i \u0111\u0103ng:<\/strong> #StFrancisDeSales #ThanhPhanxicoSalesio #DonBosco #SaleziengVNN #GiaoDuc #NhanVanDaoDuc #LinhDao #PhucHung<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Khi Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1567, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o. Ph\u00e1t minh m\u00e1y in c\u1ee7a Gutenberg \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2736,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[104,85],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2735","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-baivietmoi","category-cacthanh"],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-1024x576.jpg","blog_images":{"medium":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-300x169.jpg","large":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-1024x576.jpg"},"acf":[],"ams_acf":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"amp_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg","rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-300x169.jpg",300,169,true],"large":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-1024x576.jpg",696,392,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"td_150x0":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-150x84.jpg",150,84,true],"td_218x150":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-218x150.jpg",218,150,true],"td_300x0":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-300x169.jpg",300,169,true],"td_324x400":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-324x400.jpg",324,400,true],"td_485x360":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-485x360.jpg",485,360,true],"td_696x0":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-696x392.jpg",696,392,true],"td_1068x0":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"td_1920x0":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"mailpoet_newsletter_max":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn.jpg",1066,600,false],"woocommerce_thumbnail":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-300x300.jpg",300,300,true],"woocommerce_single":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-600x338.jpg",600,338,true],"woocommerce_gallery_thumbnail":["https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Educazione-e-umanesimo-ai-tempi-di-SFS_0.1_tn-100x100.jpg",100,100,true]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"nguyentridungsdb","author_link":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/author\/nguyentridungsdb\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"B\u00c0I VI\u1ebeT M\u1edaI<\/a> C\u00c1C TH\u00c1NH<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Khi Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Sal\u00easi\u00f4 ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1567, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o. Ph\u00e1t minh m\u00e1y in c\u1ee7a Gutenberg \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u00e1ch v\u1edf v\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2735"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2735\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2737,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2735\/revisions\/2737"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2736"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2735"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2735"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chuyende.sdb.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}